Adenosine Triphosphate and Aerobic Respiration Essay Example for Free

Adenosine Triphosphate and Aerobic Respiration Essay Comparison chart Embed this chart Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration DefinitionAerobic respiration uses oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is respiration without oxygen; the process uses a respiratory electron transport chain but does not use oxygen as the electron acceptors. Cells that use itAerobic respiration occurs in most cells. Anaerobic respiration occurs in bacteria, yeasts, some prokaryotes, erythrocytes (red blood cells), and in muscle cells. Production of lactic acidDoes not produce lactic acidProduces lactic acid (in lactic acid fermentation but not in alcoholic fermentation) Amount of energy releasedHigh (36-38 ATP molecules)Low (2 ATP molecules) ProductsCarbon dioxide, water, ATPLactic Acid Fermentation lactic acid, ATP Alcoholic Fermentation ethyl alcohol, ATP, carbon dioxide Reactantsglucose, oxygenglucose Site of reactionsCytoplasm and mitochondriaCytoplasm StagesGlycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport ChainGlycolysis, Fermentation combustioncompleteincomplete Contents: Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration The process of aerobic vs anaerobic respiration 1. 1 Fermentation in anaerobic respiration 1. 2 Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration 2 Energy efficiency of aerobic vs anaerobic respiration 3 Video comparing Aerobic Respiration vs Anaerobic Respiration 4 References The process of aerobic vs anaerobic respiration The sugar molecules stored in the food are broken apart through enzyme-mediated reactions and the energy released is absorbed by cells. This process is much more effective in the presence of oxygen through aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy (ATP). It is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown from glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondrion in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The product of this process is energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2. Anaerobic and aerobic respiration share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells. Fermentation in anaerobic respiration Without oxygen, pyruvate is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the hydrogen carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate phosphorylation, which is phosphorylation that does not involve oxygen. Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle, or the tricarboxylic acid cycle) is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in aerobic respiration. the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. Other relevant reactions in the pathway include those in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation before the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation after it. Therefore, carbohydrates break into sugar and then into ATP. The overall process of aerobic respiration can be understood by the following reaction. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O ——gt; 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy. Energy efficiency of aerobic vs anaerobic respiration Aerobic metabolism is 19 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 mol ATP per 1 mol glucose). Anaerobic respiration is less efficient at using the energy from glucose since 2 ATP are produced during anaerobic respiration per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose produced by aerobic respiration. This is because the waste products of anaerobic respiration still contain plenty of energy. Ethanol, for example, can be used in gasoline (petrol) solutions. Glycolytic ATP, however, is created more quickly. For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions. Thus, during short bursts of strenuous activity, muscle cells use anaerobic respiration to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration, so anaerobic respiration may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted, as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves, such as sprinting. Video comparing Aerobic Respiration vs Anaerobic Respiration References http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Cellular_respirationoldid=320134686 Related Comparisons Oxygen vs Ozone Oxygen vs Ozone Mitosis vs Meiosis Mitosis vs Meiosis DNA vs RNA DNA vs RNA Photosynthesis vs Respiration Photosynthesis vs Respiration Mold vs Yeast Mold vs Yeast Comments: Aerobic Respiration vs Anaerobic Respiration Facebook Anonymous (4) Stay informed Get email alerts when new comparisons are published in these categories: Science L Biology Related Comparisons Oxygen vs Ozone Mitosis vs Meiosis DNA vs RNA Photosynthesis vs Respiration Mold vs Yeast Follow Diffen Make Diffen Smarter. Log in to edit comparisons or create new comparisons in your area of expertise! Sign up  » Top 5 Comparisons 1. Democrat vs Republican 2. Animal Cell vs Plant Cell 3. Meiosis vs Mitosis 4. Affected vs Effected 5. 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Dance Therapy Essay -- History Health Therapy Dancing Essays

Dance Therapy Dance therapy is a type of psychotherapy that uses movement to further the social, cognitive, emotional, and physical development of the individual. Dance therapists work with people who have many kinds of emotional problems, intellectual deficits, and life-threatening illnesses. They are employed in psychiatric hospitals, day care centers, mental health centers, prisons, special schools, and private practice. They work with people of all ages in both group and individual therapy. Some also engage in research. Dance therapists try to help people develop communication skills, a positive self-image, and emotional stability. Origins Dance therapy began as a profession in the 1940s with the work of Marian Chace. A modern dancer, she began teaching dance after ending her career with the Denishawn Dance Company in 1930. In her classes, she noticed that some of her students were more interested in the emotions they expressed while dancing (loneliness, shyness, fear, etc.) than the mechanics of the moves. She began encouraging them by emphasizing more freedom of movement rather than technique. In time, doctors in the community started sending her patients. They included antisocial children, people with movement problems, and those with psychiatric illnesses. Eventually, Chace became part of the staff of the Red Cross at St. Elizabeth's Hospital. She was the first dance therapist employed in a formal position by the federal government. Chace worked with the emotionally troubled patients at St. Elizabeth's and tried to get them to reach out to others through dance. Some of them were schizophrenics and others were former servicemen suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. Success for these patients meant being able to participate with their class in moving to rhythmic music. "This rhythmic action in unison with others results in a feeling of well-being, relaxation, and good fellowship," Chace said once. Chace eventually studied at the Washington School of Psychiatry and began making treatment decisions about her patients along with other members of the St. Elizabeth's medical team. Her work attracted many followers and the first dance therapy interns began learning and teaching dance therapy at St. Elizabeth's in the 1950s. Other dancers also began using dance therapy in the 1940s to help people feel more comfortable with thems... ...d to practice. After two years they may receive an additional recognition when they become an Academy of Dance Therapist Registered. They can then teach dance therapy and can supervise interns. Dance therapists can also obtain psychological credentials by taking a test and becoming registered by the National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. Key Terms Authentic movement A type of movement that is influenced heavily by Jungian analysis, and works by analyzing the internal images of the patient. Patients are also urged to dance only when they feel the "impulse" to move. Freudian analysis A type of psychological treatment where the therapist seeks to help the patient resolve conflicts and traumas buried in the subconscious. Jungian analysis A method of psychological treatment where the patient strives to understand the internal, often mythic images in his or her thoughts and dreams. Psychotherapy A medical treatment that seeks to resolve psychological traumas and conflicts, often by discussing them and emotionally reliving difficult events in the past. Test anxiety A name for the stress and anxiousness that commonly occur in students before they take exams.

Dignity in Ivan and the Sound of Waves Essay

In the novels, One Day in the life of Ivan Denisovich by Alexander Solzhenitsyn and The Sound of Waves by Yukio Mishima, the characters value their dignity and take many actions to preserve it. First of all, in One Day in the life of Ivan Denisovich, Shukhov attempts to maintain his human dignity in the face of oppression. As Shukhov begins his daily routine, he â€Å"quickly finished up the job. There’s work and work†¦ If you’re working for human beings, then do a real job of it† (Solzhenitsyn 33). Shukhov is imprisoned in a gulag, one of the worst possible places to be, but he still maintains his human dignity by keeping a good work ethic. Shukhov knows that if he works well he will be treated well, but beyond that, the fact that he is working for another human being gives him reason to maintain a good work ethic, and his self-respect. Furthermore, Shukhov always preforms many small, but meaning full actions in order to maintain his dignity. While eating his rations, Shukhov â€Å"removed his cap from his shaven head—however cold it was, he wouldn’t let himself eat with his cap on† (16). Shukhov still maintains his manners, even when he is forcibly kept in a gulag prison. His manners are very important as they allow him a way to remain human and keep his dignity, rather than deteriorating to the state of an animal, like some of the other prisoners. While the characters in One Day in the life of Ivan Denisovich, attempt to maintain their dignity as a means of refuge in the gulags, the characters of The Sound of Waves, retain their dignity as a means of protecting their status in society. To begin, the characters in the Sound of Waves do not tolerate any embarrassment or loss of respect to their peers. When Shinji’s mother visits Terukichi Miyata’s home he ignores her visit and she replies, â€Å"[s]o you say you won’t see a poor widow†¦Well let me tell you something†¦ never in life will I ever cross [Miyata’s] damned threshold again† (Mishima 128-129). Shinji’s mother vows never to cross paths with Miyata’s home after he insults her by refusing to meet with her. Shinji’s mother takes a hit to her pride and retaliates in a way that would imply her intolerance for disrespect. Moreover, the characters in the novel are virtuous and refrain from committing any acts that would call into question their morals and self-respect. While resting naked with Shinji in the shrine, Hatsue says, â€Å"It’s bad. It’s bad! It’s bad for a girl to do that before she is married† (76-77). Although the urge to engage in a sexual relation with Shinji is strong, Hatsue knows it would hurt not only her self-respect but also defile her father’s reputation in the village. Although characters in both novels take actions to preserve their respective dignities, in One Day in the life of Ivan Denisovich, It is done to maintain their humanity and sanity when they are treated like animals. While in The Sound of Waves, the characters preserve their dignity to uphold the respect of the village and their peers. Overall, the characters in both novels value their dignity and take many actions to uphold it.

Assessing Of Civil And Common Laws - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1052 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? First of all, I would like to give some information about Civil law. Civil Law or Roman Law is second well-known legal system in the Western World which is obtained from the Roman Empire. The Civil Law system described a system whereby the law of the land gains from the civil authority or the state. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Assessing Of Civil And Common Laws" essay for you Create order In general, Civil law was intended to avoid future debates and guide behavior or when that guidance failed, to set forward the penalties or restore that would be available for the failure to so bear. The Civil Law system is still the foundational system in many parts of the world, including continental Europe and Latin America.Civil law is sometimes referred to as neo-Roman law, Romano-Germanic law or Continental law.  [1]  Moreover, civil law is the branch of law handling with debates between individuals and companies in which victim may be awarded by compensation. For example, in a car crash victim claims damages against the driver for injury sustained in an accident and this will be a civil case.  [2] As for common law, it is the body of law which developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals, rather than from statutes or constitutions. In this system of law past cases and their decisions are depended on to resolve what the outcome have to be in a present case. This application of past decisions to present cases is called precedent  [3]  . (Wikipedia 2010) Difference between civil and common law systems In general, civil law systems differs from common law systems in many ways. First of all, if we look in history, common law was developed by custom, beginning before there were any written laws and continuing to be applied by courts while civil law developed out of the Roman law of Justinians Corpus Juris Civilis. Moreover, in Civil law systems, laws set the general principles of the law particularly by stating them; the courts then make their own explanation of those general principles once again in each case to arrive at conclusions about how those general principles translate into details. Civil and common law systems also different in criminal procedure. In fact, in civil law system plays a more active role in verifying the facts of the case. Besides that civil law countries examine main crimes by using the inquisitorial system. Moreover, civil law systems rely much more on written argument than oral argument.  [4] Substantive and procedural law Substantive law is the constitutional law which manages the rights and responsibilities those who are subject to it. Substantive law classifies the legal relationship of people with other people or between the state and people. Substantive law identifies crimes and penalties in criminal law as well as civil rights and responsibilities in civil law.  [5] Procedural law is the rule which a court determines what is happening in civil and criminal proceedings  [6]  . Procedural law is different from substantive law that creates, identifies and controls the human rights and responsibilities of individuals. Federal and state constitutions, statues as well as legal decisions are main for substantive civil law on issues such as contracts and probate. The vital concern of procedural law is fair, orderly, efficient and predictable application of substantive laws.  [7] It is a popular fact that the judicial system divides into two types of cases. They are civil and criminal procedures. Now I am going to discuss the differences between civil and criminal procedure. Before mentioning the differences, I consider that it is important to give the general information about these procedures. Civil procedure To begin with civil procedure, it is the body of law that sets out the rules and principles which judges follow when adjudicating civil lawsuits whereas in criminal procedure vice versa. The civil procedure is the procedure which apply in cases which are not considered as criminal. In general, government use criminal trials in order to protect and provide help to the public through punishing an individual. Everyone can use civil trial in turn to implement or protect their rights through orders which are given by courts and by monetary rewards.  [8] Criminal procedure à ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ'†¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Criminal procedures are safeguards against the indiscriminate application of criminal laws and the wanton treatment of suspected criminals. Specifically, they are designed to enforce the constitutional rights of criminal suspects and defendants, beginning with initial police contact and continuing through arrest, investigation, trial, sentencing, and appealsà ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ã‚  [9]  (thefreedictionary.com 2010) It is a obvious that criminal procedures are different from civil procedure and in the following paragraphs I will state the difference between these procedures and give some examples in order to support my point of view. For instance, in England if someone defines as a defendant, English criminal court can force the person who commit the crime to pay fine as a punishment and he or she may have to pay the legal cost of the action. Nevertheless, the victim of a crime pursue his cla im for damages in a civil, not a criminal action. In France, a person who suffer from crime may be rewarded damages by a criminal court judge. In criminal procedures the person who commit a crime risks not only to pay financial penalties but also will be sent to prison and this system is higher then civil one. à ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ'†¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In a criminal case a crime cannot be proven if the person or persons judging it doubt the guilt of the suspect and have a reason for this doubt. But in a civil case, the court will weigh all the evidence and decide what is most probable.à ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  (encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com 2010) The evidence in civil action is more necessarily acceptable then the evidence from in criminal trial. For instance, the person who injured from road accident does not have benefit if the driver who injured him or her is found guilty of careless driving crime. He has to prove his case in civil act ion even he might be able to prove his civil case even the driver found not guilty in the criminal trial.  [10] Conclusion To sum up I would like to restate that civil and common legal systems are very important and plays significant role in our life as I said in the introduction. As I mentioned in the previous paragraphs there are some differences between civil (continental) and common law legal systems as well as in their criminal and civil procedure.